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[23] "We think... Consumers are aware of the reality that, almost invariably, even the most unusual of product designs-such as a cocktail shaker shaped like a penguin-is intended not to identify the source, but to render the product itself more useful or more appealing." (Wal-Mart, at 213)

[24] 同上注。

[25] 一般而言,证明第二含义,须综合考察消费者调查、消费者证词、厂商独占使用该外观的持续时间、广告之种类及开支、客户及销售之数量、销售业绩,及假冒的故意,等等。

[26] See Ian Starr & Richard Cumbley, Keep Your Shape, Intellectual Property Briefing, Autumn 1999, at 2. 但是,在澳大利亚,商业外观的保护思路似乎特别重视客观调查(Survey)数据。

[27] See Stuart M. Riback, Product Design Trade Dress: Where Do We Go From Here?, Vol.90 TMR, 2000, at 566.

[28] Id. at 565.

[29] See Joseph J. Ferretti, Product Design Trade Dress Hits The Wall . . . Mart: Wal-Mart V. Samara Brothers, 42 J.L. & TECH. 417, 2002.

[30] Id. Supra n27, at 564. 该文作者将Wal-Mart的判决,视为一种政策性决定,而非纯法律的判决。

[31] See Sicilia Di R. Biebow & Co. v. Cox, 732 F.2d 417, 429 (5th Cir. 1984).

[32] "[I]f it affects a cost or quality of the article." See Qualitex v. Jacobson, 115 S. Ct. 1300 (1995).


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