简明反垄断法法英文指南/赵庆庆译(13)
在这些类型的案件中确认一违法行为很大程度上取决于能否证明厂商间协定的存在。一外在的协定可以通过一些直接的证据予以证明。如一份包含或涉及协议的文件；数分钟的厂商间达成协定的会议记录；或一知晓协定内容的证人的证词。但协定也可以用类推的方式予以证明，主要是指一些合并的间接证据，包括竞争者在实施特定市场行为前开会；电话记录以及信号行为。（即一家公司将其提高商品价格的意图告诉另一家公司）。这些证据必需表明厂商的行为看起来更像是相互间串谋的结果，而非单方面行动。
Vertical agreements between buyers and sellers
买方和卖方间的纵向协定
Certain kinds of agreements between parties in a buyer-seller relationship, such as a retailer who buys from a manufacturer, also are illegal. Price-related agreements are presumed to be violations, but antitrust authorities view most non-price agreements with less suspicion because many have valid business justifications.
此类型的协定存在于相互间有买卖关系的各方之间，如一零售商与其供货制造商。虽然与价格相关的协定常被假定是非法的，但反托拉斯当局认为多数非价格协定无多嫌疑，因为它们之中许多都有正当的商事抗辩理由。
Resale price maintenance agreements. Vertical price-fixing -- an agreement between a supplier and a dealer that fixes the minimum resale price of a product -- is a clear-cut antitrust violation. It also is illegal for a manufacturer and retailer to agree on a minimum resale price.
转售价格维持协定。此为纵向限价，即一供货商与一销售商之间关于某一商品最低转售价格的协定。这种协定明显违反了反托拉斯法。同样，制造商和零售商对最低转售价格达成一致也是非法的。
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