简明反垄断法法英文指南/赵庆庆译(15)
制造商和代理商间的非价格协定。制造商对代理商怎样及在哪销售其厂品做出了限制，如服务职责或地域限制。这些行为通常是合法的。因为这些协定可能产生更大销售业绩、促使各代理商在各自分配的地区提供更好的服务以及与其它品牌进行更多的竞争等正效应。但也有一些非价格限制协定也可能是反竞争性的。例如，一项严格控制的交易安排可能会阻止其它制造商取得真正的竞争性市场所应有的充足的销售渠道。或者，这种协定成为了制造商们停止对任何竞争者都不利的激烈竞争的一种手段。有案例如下，市场上两家为消防车生产水泵的主要制造商达成了这样一个协定：要求他们的消费者即消防车制造商只能从他们各自现有的供货商那购买水泵。这意味着两家水泵制造商中的任何一家都不必担心来自另一家的竞争威胁。
Tie-in sales. The sale of one product on condition that a customer purchase a second product, which the customer may not want or can buy elsewhere at a lower price, is a tie-in. Requirements like these are illegal if they harm competition. A recent example: The FTC charged a pharmaceutical manufacturer with tying the sale of clozapine, an antipsychotic drug, to a blood testing and monitoring service.
搭售。某一商品的销售以强制要求消费者购买另一种他可能并不需要或在别处可以更低廉的价格购得的商品的行为称为搭售。诸如此类的要求若是损害了竞争则是非法的。在一新近的案例中：联邦贸易委员会对一家药品生产商的一种药名为clozapine 用于血液监测的安定药品的销售提出了搭售指控
Maintaining or Creating a Monopoly
维持和引发垄断
While it is not illegal to have a monopoly position in a market, the antitrust laws make it unlawful to maintain or attempt to create a monopoly through tactics that either unreasonably exclude firms from the market or significantly impair their ability to compete. A single firm may commit a violation through its unilateral actions, or a violation may result if a group of firms work together to monopolize a market.
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