简明反垄断法法英文指南/赵庆庆译(4)
 《谢尔曼法》第二条宣布一公司 “独占或企图独占”市场交易为非法。该法同时还作出解释：一公司拥有垄断或企图谋取垄断地位并不是构成非法的必要条件，只是当该公司通过某种不正当的手段试图维持或谋取垄断地位时，它才被认定是非法的。对于法院来说，确认其手段合理与否的一个关键因素是该公司对其所实施的行为是否有正当的商事抗辩理由。
 Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act outlaws "unfair methods of competition" but does not define unfair. The Supreme Court has ruled that violations of the Sherman Act also are violations of Section 5, but Section 5 covers some practices that are beyond the scope of the Sherman Act. It is the FTC’s job to enforce Section 5.
 《联邦贸易委员会法》第五条宣布 “不公平的竞争手段”为非法，但并未对所谓的 “不公平”下确切的定议。最高法院曾裁定违反《谢尔曼法》的行为同时也是违反本条规定的。然而，第五条还涵盖了一些超出谢尔曼法规制范围的违法行为。第五条的实施权是归属于联邦贸易委员会的。
 Section 7 of the Clayton Act prohibits mergers and acquisitions where the effect "may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly." Determining whether a merger will have that effect requires a thorough economic evaluation or market study.
 《克莱顿法》第七条禁止“可能有实质性弱化竞争或引有发垄断趋向”的效果的企业合并。确定一合并案是否有上述效果则需要彻底的经济效益评估和市场调查。
 Section 7A of the Clayton Act, called the Hart-Scott-Rodino Act, requires the prior notification of large mergers to both the FTC and the Justice Department.
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