简明反垄断法法英文指南/赵庆庆译(5)
 《克莱顿法》第七条A款，亦称Hart-Scott-Rodino法，要求大合并案中当事方在合并时要事先照会联邦贸易委员会和司法部。
Some cases are easier than others. The courts decided many years ago that certain practices, such as price fixing, are so inherently harmful to consumers that a detailed examination isn’t necessary to determine whether they are reasonable. The law presumes that they are violations (antitrust lawyers call these per se violations) and condemns them almost automatically.
某些案件比其它的案子要来得简单一些。诸如价格限定这类行为，因其对消费者固有的危害性，法院多年前曾确认在认定这些行为是否合理时，并不需要对它们进行详细的审查，而是由法律直接假定它们违法而且几乎是自动地谴责它们。（反托拉斯律师们称其为实质性违法）。
Other practices demand closer scrutiny based on principles that the courts and antitrust agencies have developed. These cases are examined under a "rule of reason" analysis. A practice is illegal if it restricts competition in some significant way and has no overriding business justification. Practices that meet both characteristics are likely to harm consumers -- by increasing prices, reducing availability of goods or services, lowering quality or service, or significantly stifling innovation.
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