提单背书转让的法律效果/杜永涛(2)
权威的Benjamin’s<>第五版18－005段写道：“There is no authoritative definition of “document of title to goods” at common law, but it is submitted that it means a document relating to goods the transfer of which operates as a transfer of the constructive possession of the goods, and may operate to transfer the property in them.” 除了普通法外，英国一项立法（Factor’s Act 1889）的第一条也对document of title to goods下了定义，并强调了货物的占有权和控制权，具体如下：”the expression of document of title shall include any bill of lading, dock warrant, warehouse-keeper’s certificate, and warrant or order for the delivery of goods, and any other document used in the ordinary course of business as proof of the possession or control of goods, or authoring or purporting to authorize, either by endorsement or by delivery, the possessor of the document to transfer or receive goods thereby represented.”
从上述有关document of title的两个权威性解释中可以看出，提单作为海上货物运输的主要权利凭证，它的转让毫无疑问可以转让货物的实质占有权，卖方或发货人把提单背书（指示提单）或直接交付（不记名提单）给卖方或收货人，从而将货物的实质占有权转让给他，或者把提单背书或交付给银行作为抵押之用。提单的背书或交付会转让实质占有权，也可以转让货物所有权，但不一定转让货物的所有权，因为所有权的转让还要看双方的真正意图，而把提单背书或交付只是转移所有权的表面证据。因为所有权或物权的归属与转移是完全可以与提单的签发与转让相分离的，就承运人与托运人而言，承运人接收货物而签发提单给托运人，意味着对货物的实质占有权从托运人转移至承运人，而托运人成为货物的推定占有人；就提单的出让人与受让人而言，提单的转让只是转移或改变了对货物的推定占有，或只是转移和改变了有权依据提单向承运人提取货物并对货物进行实质占有的人；就承运人与提单持有人而言，承运人收回提单并向提单承运人交付货物则标志着承运人对货物实质占有的结束和提单持有人对货物的推定占有转化为实质占有。
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