论我国 《海商法》中“提单持有人”的内涵限定与外延拓展/郑梁(2)
第78条：“承运人同收货人、提单持有人之间的权利、义务关系，依据提单的规定确定。收货人、提单持有人不承担在装货港发生的滞期费、亏舱费和其他与装货有关的费用，但是提单中明确载明上述费用由收货人、提单持有人承担的除外。”
从前述第77条的字面意思看，“收货人”显然被受让提单的“第三人”亦即“提单持有人”所涵盖，而从第78条措词看，立法者又把“收货人”同“提单持有人”并列处理，其间的矛盾之处显而易见。
二、 “提单持有人”的认定要件
如前所述，尽管美国1916年《联邦提单法》、英国《1992年海上货物运输法》及2002年“CMI运输法草案”都对“提单持有人”概念做出了明确的界定，但又有明显的差异。
《Pomerene Bills of Lading ACT 1916 》Sec.80101.Definitions (4)：“’Holder’means a person having possession of, and a property right in, a bill of lading.”由此，为该法认定的“提单持有人”必须具备两个要件：其一，实际占有提单；其二，享有该提单的权利。但该法并没有进一步说明何谓“有提单权利的人”，显然，我们无法要求承运人在凭单交货前先识别对方是否为“有提单权利的人”。
《Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992》5.Interpretation etc.(2) References in
this Act to the holder of a bill of lading are references to any of the following persons, that is to say: (a) a person with possession of the bill who, by virtue of being the person identified in the bill, is the consignee of the goods to which the bill relates; (b) a person with possession of the bill as a result of the completion, by delivery of the bill, of any endorsement of the bill or, in the case of a bearer bill, of any other transfer of the bill; (c) a person with possession of the bill as a result of any transaction by virtue of which he would have become a holder falling within paragraph (a) or (b) above had not the transaction been effected at a time when possession of the bill no longer gave a right (as against the carrier) to possession of the goods to which the bill relates; and a person shall be regarded for the purposes of this Act as having become the lawful holder of a bill of lading wherever he has become the holder of the bill in good faith.
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