《WTO 政府采购协定》对国内政府采购制度的影响及挑战/刘春庭
《WTO 政府采购协定》对国内政府采购制度的影响及挑战
清华大学公共管理学院
刘春庭
摘要
目前，政府采购制度在中国还处于建立的初期，学习和借鉴国际立法经验显得尤为重要。本文从立法目标、法律适用范围和采购方式的选择和适用三个方面对WTO《政府采购协定》、《联合国经济法委员会货物、工程和服务采购示范法》以及国内相关立法进行了比较分析。随着我们对世贸组织的加入，加入GPA开放政府采购市场是迟早的事情。对此，我们在立法上应该有所准备，在采购的基本制度和运行规则上要注意与国际接轨。在加入GPA之前，我们应该充分发挥政府采购的合法贸易壁垒的作用，为国内的相关产业提供必要的保护。在确定政府采购法的适用范围的时候，要从采购项目的角度出发，利用项目资金的公共性、项目的竞争性和公益性的标准进行衡量。政府采购的采购方法及其适用是政府采购制度中的一个核心性的问题。从我国政府采购的立法目的上来看，应该将采购的重点放在那些公开程度高，竞争性强，规范性比较突出的采购方法上，对其他的方法的适用要加以严格的限制，从而保证政府采购制度和观念的健康形成和发展；同时，要明确每种采购方法的适用条件，使采购者在采购实践中正确选择采购方法，使法律得以真正地贯彻实施。待政府采购市场对外开放之后，再给予那些限制竞争的采购方式以更多的关注，发挥它们的合法贸易壁垒的作用。
Abstract
Up till now, the regulation system of government procurement has just got its life, so studying and learning the international government procurement law seems so necessary that we must do it immediately. This article from the view of the aim, the scope and the manner and its use scope of the government procurement act compare and analyze the Government Procurement Agreement (GPA) and the Model law of procurement on goods projects and services issued by the United Nations Community on Trade Act. After the joining of the World Trade Organization (WTO), it will be the subject of time for china to sign the GPA and open the government procurement market toward the world. So something must be done in our legislation to prepare for it, the regulation in of basic system and its running rule should fit the common require of international procurement law. But before we sign the GPA, we should use the system of government procurement as a good trade vallation which can provide some developing or important industry with legal protection from the foreign competition. To decide the scope in which the procurement law should applicable, we should start our view from the procurement items, and analyze by these standards: whether the fund for the item is public; whether the item is competitive; whether the item is for commonweal. The manners of the government procurement and their use is the top subject in the system. To fit the goal of our government procurement, we should put the emphases on the manners which is open competitive and well regulated. Other manners should be limited to ensure the system and concept form healthily. For each manner, it should be clarified when and where the manner can come into use. So each manner can be use exactly. After china open its procurement market, more attention should be taken on those uncompetitive manners because they are legal trade vallation.
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